Single User and Multi-user operating systems

Single user operating systems

Single user operating systems can be split into two types:

• single user, single application operating systems
• single user, multi tasking operating systems

Single user, single application

This type of operating system only has to deal with one person at a time, running one user application at a time.

An example of a this kind of operating system would be found on a mobile phone. There can only be one user using the mobile and that person is only using one of its applications at a time.

Single user, multi-tasking

You will find this kind of operating system on a personal computer.

The operating system is designed mainly with a single user in mind, but it can deal with many applications running at the same time. For example, you might be writing an essay, while searching the internet, downloading a video file and also listening to a piece of music.

Example operating systems are

• Windows
• Linux
• Mac OS X

The difference compared to the Single-Use, Single Application operating system is that it must now handle many different applications all running at the same time.

The memory available is also very different, for example it is quite normal to have Gigabytes of RAM available on a personal computer which is what allows so many applications to run.

Multi-user, multi-tasking operating system

On the previous page we talked about a single user working on their personal computer doing many different tasks at the same time - effectively, a single user operating system which allows you to multi-task.

Personal computers can multi-task very well, especially for the type of things that most of us want to do, for example, reading emails, writing letters, working on spreadsheets, listening to music, surfing the web and watching videos.

However, there comes a time when only a *really* powerful computer will do the job in hand. For instance

• You are an engineer or scientist and want to run a very complicated simulation
• You are a weather scientist and want run a forecast
• You are a financial person and want to work on thousands of stock market share movements
• You work in a bank and want to handle customer accounts.
• You are an architect and want to see your full design
• You work at an University as an academic along with hundreds of other academics
• You are a film animator and want to work in 3D

Most personal computers can't handle these kind of tasks. Instead, a mainframe or supercomputer is required for this kind of work.

But there is a problem!

A supercomputer or mainframe costs millions to buy and maintain. There is no way that such an expensive machine could be used by just a single person.

To make it economic, this computer has to be shared. This means it needs a multi-user operating system which means more than one user is logged on and can use the computer at the same time.

And furthermore, each person needs to be able to run more than one application at a time, so it needs to be multi-tasking as well.

So a powerful computer needs a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system to make maximum use of the machine. Each person can draw on the vast power of the computer in a shared way.

Now the operating system has to manage

• Each user logged on to the system, their workspace and so on.
• Allocate resources to the jobs they want to run.
• Keep logs of how much processing time and resources they use
• Work out the most efficient use of computer processing cycles
• Maintain security

The diagram below shows how each person on terminals A,B and C share the power of the computer.

Extra fact.

We have mentioned 'powerful computer', so how powerful is this compared to your home computer? Well, one measure of computer power is FLOPS, which is how many calculation it can do per second. A typical home pc is about 30 GigaFlops but a supercomputer is about a 1 million GigaFlops!